The History of Internet

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Director and Animator by Melih Bilgil

Translation by Karla Vesenmayer

Scientific Management by Prof. Philipp Pape

 English Dictated, Text Digitized and Titled by Joon H. Park

Used Images Captured from the Animated Film by Joon H. Park

Things that we can do through internet

The internet in the year 2009, we send emails, make calls over the internet and discuss topics we take interested in.  Even our banking is going virtual. But we take for granted today was only a vague idea in 50 years ago. 

In order to understand how we got this far, let’s go back to 1957 when everything began.

1957, the birth of remote connection

Before 1957, computers only worked only one task at a time.  This is called “Batch Processing.”  Of course, they (…missed…) quite ineffective.

With computers getting bigger and bigger they had to be stored in special cooled rooms.  But then developers couldn’t work directly on the computers anymore.  Specialist had to be called in and to connect them.

Programming at that time (…missed…) lot of manual work and indirect to the computers led to a lot of bugs, wasting time and frame the developer nerves.

The year 1957, marked a big change.  A remote connection had to be installed to serve the developers could work directly on the computers.

At the same time, the idea of time sharing came up.  This is the first concept in computer technology to share the processing power of one computer with multiple users.

Fundamental of History of Internet

On October the 4th 1957, during the cold war, the first unman satellite “Sputnik 1” was sent into orbit by the Soviet Union.  The fair of missile get emerged.  In order to secure of America’s leading technology, the U.S found the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency in February 1958.  At that time, knowledge was only transferred by people.

The DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) plan, a large scale of computer network in order to accelerate knowledge transfer and avoid the doubling up of already existing research.  This network would become the “ARPA Net.”

Furthermore, three other concepts were to be developed, which are fundamental for the history of internet.

01. The concept of military network by the Rand Corporation in America.

02. The commercial network of the national physical laboratory in England

03. And the scientist network, Cyclades in France.

The scientific, military and commercial approaches of these concepts are the foundations for modern internet.

Let’s begin with the ARPA Net, the most familiar of these networks.  Its development began in 1966.

Universities were generally quite cautious about to sharing their computers.  Therefore, small computers were put in front of the main frame.  This computer, the interface message processor took over control of the network activities while the main frame was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files.

At the same time, the (…inpo…missed…) also served as the interface of the main frames.  Since only the IMP’s way inter connected to the network, this was also called the “IMP Sub Net.”

For the first connections between computers, the network working group developed the network protocol control.  Later on, the NCP (Network Control Protocol) was replaced by more efficient Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).  The specific feature of TCP is the verification of the file transfer.

England, the Origin of Packet Switching

Let’s take a short detour to England.

Since the NPL (National Physical Laboratory) network was designed on a commercial basis, a lot of users and file transfer were expected. 

In order to avoid congestion of the lines, the sent files were divided into smaller packet which were put together again at the receiver.  Packet switching was born.

Needs of Distributed Network by Nuke

In 1962, American (…fair attack…missed…) aircraft discovered middle and long range missiles in Cuba, which were able to reach the United States.  This (…stot fair…missed) of an atomic conflict.

At that time, information systems had centralized network architecture.  To avoid breakdown during the attack, a decentralized network architecture had to be developed, which in case of lost of a nod would still be operative.

Communication still used to work through radio waves.  That would have caused problems in case of an atomic attack.  The ionosphere would be affected and the long wave radio waves wouldn’t work anymore.

Therefore, they had to use direct waves which, however, don’t have a long range.

A better solution was the model of distributed network.

Vast long distance could be covered with minimum of interference.  Another milestone followed of development of French network, “Cyclade.”

Since Cyclades had fast small a bunch of than ARPA Net and that’s also fewer nods.  The focus was laid on the communication with other networks.  In this way, the term “Internet” was born.

More over Cyclades concept went further than ARPA’s end the NPL’s.

During communications between sender and receiver the computers weren’t intervene anymore.  But simply serve as transfer nods.

Cyclades protocol went through all machines using a physical layer that was implemented into the hardware providing a direct connection with receiver and to end structure.

Merge of ARPA Net and Cyclades

Inspired by Cyclades network and driven by the incompatibility between networks that connection gained in importance every where.

The phone companies developed X.25 protocol which able to communication through their service in exchange monthly basis charge, of course.

DARPA’s transmission control protocol was to connect the computers through gate ways.  And the international organization for standardization, designed the OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference model.

The innovation of OSI was the attempt to standardized networks from its ends and channels division into separate layers.

Finally, the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) (…assimilated…missed…) the preferences of the OSI reference model and gave way to the TCP IP protocol.

As standard, which guarantee compatibility between networks and finally merge them, crating “The Internet.”

By February the 28^th 1990, the ARPA net hardware was removed.

But the internet was up and running.

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